STUDENT GUIDELINES

  Uses of Potassium   1. It is used as a Fertilizer in agriculture. 2. It is a vital role in biological system. 3. It is a used in preparation of many useful potassium compound. 4. Potassium Hydroxide is also prepared by this which is used in the manufacture of soft soap. It is also used as an excellent absorbent of carbon dioxide. 5. Potassium nitrate is used in ceramics, colour TV tubes and fluorescent light tubes. 6. Cesium  is used in devising photoelectric cells

  Uses of sodium   1. An alloy of sodium with mercury is used for preparation of many organic compounds. 2. Liquid sodium and it's  alloy with potassium is used as a coolant in fast breeder nuclear reactor . It transfers heat from the reactor to turbine, where the heat produced the steam which is used to generate electricity. 3. Sodium with lead alloy is used to prepare tetraethyl lead which acts as an anti knock compound for petrol. 4. It is used in sodium vapour lamp. 5. Sodium is used as a reagent to detect the presence of nitrogen Sulphur and halogens in organic compound. 6. Sodium is used for preparation of useful reagents such as sodamide, Sodium Peroxide and sodium cyanate. 7. Sodium is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of Boron and silicon. 8. It is your the agent in wurtz reaction for the synthesis of many organic compound . It is also used in drying organic solvent. 9. Sodium is largely used in industry for the production of artificial rubber, dyes ,dru...

  Limitations of Bernoulli's theorem   1. Bernoulli's equation ideal applies to Fluids with zero viscosity  or non viscous fluid. 2. The fluids must be  incompressible as the elastic  energy of the fluid is also not taken into consideration. 3. Bernoulli's equation is applicable only to streamline flow of fluid . It is not valid for non steady or turbulent flow.

Streamline flow of liquid is that flow in which each particle of the liquid passing through a point Travels along the same path and with the same velocity as the preceding particle passing through the same point. It is also defined as a curve is tangent at any point is in the direction of the fluid velocity at that point. Properties of streamline flow   1. In streamline flow no two streamlines can cross each other . If they do so the particles of the liquid at the point of intersection will have two different direction for their flow, which will destroy the steady nature of the liquid flow. 2. The greater is the crowding of streamline  at a place greater is the velocity of the liquid particles at that place and vice versa.

  CHARACTERISTICS OF COVALENT CONPOUNDS  Compounds having covalent bond are called covalent compounds important characteristics of covalent compounds are as follows- 1. Physical state the covalent compounds exist in all the three states solid liquid and gas the usually contain molecules rather than ions. 2. Low melting and boiling point these compounds have low melting and boiling points because of the presence of week forces of attraction between the molecules which are easily overcome at low temperatures. 3. Solubility being nonpolar these are generally in soluble or less solution in water and other polar solvents ,however, these are soluble in non polar solvents such as benzene ,carbon tetrachloride etc. 4. Electrical conductivity since there are no free ions in covalent compound to conduct electricity their bad conductors of electricity.  However graphite is an exception to this fact. 5. Molecular reactions since these compounds are molecular in nature their reac...

  Defects of long form of periodic table Although this periodic table provided a systematic way to study the chemistry of elements and removed most of the anomalies of Mendeleev and other Modern Periodic Table, yes it suffers from the following defects- 1.  In this periodic table also the position of hydrogen is not clear, although it is placed in a separate box just above the group I.  2. Lanthanoids and actinoids has not been much will in the main body of the periodic table.

  Merits of long form of periodic table 1. This table is based on the atomic number which is the basic fundamental property of an atom ,and hence, it is found helpful in removing most of the anomalies of Mendeleev periodic table. 2. This table remove the anomalies of inversion statics registered in the Mendeleev periodic table. Eg- potassium with atomic number 19 is placed after argan with atomic number 18.  Similarly Cobalt with atomic number 27 is placed before nikal with atomic number 28. 3. In the stable same position is allotted to each isotope of an element has all the isotopes of an element have same atomic number. 4. It also explains the cause of periodicity on the basis of electronic configuration . Further  relates the position of an element in the periodic table with its electronic configuration. 5. It provides an easier way to remember all the elements and their properties by just knowing their atomic numbers and electronic configurations. 6. It also explains ...

  Diagonal relationship between Lithium and magnesium   Lithium and magnesium so similar properties due to save polarising power or ionic potential. 1.Lithium and magnesium  chlorides are covalent, deliquescent  and soluble in alcohol and pyridine. 2. Carbonates of Lithium and magnesium decompose on heating. 3. Both Lithium and magnesium react with nitrogen to form nitrides. 4. Bicarbonates of Lithium and magnesium are more solution in water than carbonate.

  Anomalous behaviour of Lithium is due to small size and high nuclear charge and high ionization energy . Sone Anomalous properties of lithium are :- 1. Lithium is the  only alkali metal which react with nitrogen . 2. Lithium hydrocarbon oxide exist in solution form while all other alkali metal bicarbonates are solid in nature. 3. Lithium sulphate do not form double salts. 4. Lithium chloride is deliquescent. 5. Lithium does not react with acetylene to form acetylide while other alkali metal does.

  ALKALINE EARTH METALS (USES)  1.  Beryllium is used in alloys . 2. Calcium-beryllium alloys used in high strength springs.  3. Beryllium used in making Windows of X-Ray tubes.  4.  Magnesium-aluminium alloys used in Aircraft construction .  5. Magnesium powder and magnesium ribbon are used in flash powder and ribbons. 6. Suspensions of magnesium Hydroxide in water (milk of magnesia) used as antacid in medicine. 7. Calcium and beryllium are used to remove air from vacuum tubes. 8. Radium salts are used in radiotherapy for treatment of cancer.