Bhakti -sufi Tradition

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                                      Timeline 

* C.500 to 800C.E. :-Appar, sambandar, sundra murty in Tamilnadu.

* C 800 to 900:-Naammalvar, Manikkavachakra        ,Andal  Tondaradipodd in Tamilnadu.

*C 1000 to 1100: Al Hujwari, Dataganj Bakhsh, in the Punjab ,Ramanujacharya in Tamilnadu.

*C.1100-1200 :-Basavana in Karnataka.

*C.1200 -1300:jnanadeva, muktabai in Maharashtra, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Rajasthan, Bahauddin zakariya and Fariduddin Ganj-i - shakar in Punjab, kutubuddin bakhtiyar kaki in Delhi.

*C.1300 -1400: Lal ded ine Kashmir ,Lal Shahbaz qalandar in Sindh ,Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi Ramanand in Uttar Pradesh ,chokhamela in Maharashtra ,sarafuddin yahaya Maneri in Bihar

*C.1400- 1500: Kabir raidas Surdas Uttar Pradesh Baba Guru Nanak in Punjab vallabhacharya in Gujarat Abdullah satari in Gwalior Mohammad Shah Alam in Gujarat , Mir Sayyid Mohammad gesu daraz in Gulbarga, Shankara Deva in Assam, Tukaram in Maharashtra.

*C.1500- 1600- Shri Chaitanya in Bengal ,Mirabai in Rajasthan , Shaikh Abdul quddus Gangohi,Malik Mohammed jayasi ,Tulsidas in Uttar Pradesh.

*C. 1600 -1700:- Sheikh Ahmed sirhindi in Haryana Miyan Mir in Punjab.

Meaning of BHAKTI ---

 Bhakti is a religious concepts means devotional surrender to a personally supreme God for attaining salvation.

Early tradition of bhakti :-

In mid -first millennium CE  the landscape of the subcontinent was doted  with variety of religious structures like is stupas,monasteries, temples which reflects certain religious beliefs and practices.

Sources :-

* Religious structures stupas and temples.

*Hagiography 

*Composition of poet-saints

*Textual description like puranas 

Poems of prayers early tradition of bhakti

Early bhakti movement  :-Alvars and Nayanars 

Alvars:-devotees of Vishnu.

Nayanars -devotees of Shiva 

*Both Alvaras and Nayanars travelled from one place to another by singing hymn, mantras songs in Tamil in praise of their gods.

*During their marriages travel they develop their temples ,these temple became pilgrimage because composition of poet -Saint become the part of these Temple.

HISTORIANS OF RELIGION OFTEN CLASSIFIED HOCKEY TRADITION IN TWO CATEGORIES

Sagun with attributes :-belief in specific deities such a Siva ,Vishnu and his Avatar or incarnations and in forms of devi .All often shown in Anthropomorphic .(Means human form)

Nirgun without attributes:-nirgun bhakti followers worship of an abstract form of God.

 Feature of Alvars And Nayanars:-

 * Attitude towards caste system---- they denied cast system .

    they start movements against the caste system and domination of brahmans 

Nalayira Divya prabandhan composed by Alvaras was described as Tamil Veda 

They claimed that text was an significant as the four Vedas in Sanskrit that was charished by brahmans.

*Women devotees:-      most significant feature of Alvars and Nayanars were presents of women.

Example --a composition of Andal a woman Alvar was widely sung.Andal saw herself as the beloved of Vishnu her verses express her love for deity.

Another woman karaikkal Ammaiyar ,a devotee of Shiva 

She followed the path of severe self -discipline. Her composition preserved within the Nayanars tradition.

Composition had given threat to patriarchal norms(control by man) .

                          EARLY BHAKTI TRADITION 

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